{"id":1494,"date":"2019-05-10T19:24:56","date_gmt":"2019-05-10T17:24:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/?p=1494"},"modified":"2021-07-07T18:33:21","modified_gmt":"2021-07-07T16:33:21","slug":"%e5%90%89%e5%ba%93%e5%b0%a4%e8%af%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%91%e9%9f%b3%e4%b8%8e%e6%8b%bc%e5%86%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/?p=1494","title":{"rendered":"\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u62fc\u5199\u4e0e\u53d1\u97f3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u65cf\u662f\u4e1c\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\uff0c\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u56fd\u5185\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u4ea4\u6d41\u65f6\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\uff0c\u7a0d\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u573a\u5408\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u6df7\u6742\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u65cf\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u719f\u7ec3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e8e\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u6b63\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u666e\u904d\u3002\u6839\u636e2009\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6\u4e3a662\u4e07\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5c71\u897f\u5357\u9e93\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9996\u90fd\u5185\u7f57\u6bd5\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5c71\u897f\u90e8\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u9996\u90fd\u5185\u7f57\u6bd5\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u548c\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u662f\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u540e\u62e5\u6709\u4e66\u5199\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u666e\u901a\u62c9\u4e01\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u6539\u826f\u8fc7\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u591a\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u52a0\u4e86\u6ce2\u6d6a\u7ebf\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u0129\u548c\u0169\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\u4e2d\u7684[e]\u548c[o] \uff08\u540e\u6587\u6709\u8be6\u8ff0\uff09((\u4e66\u5199\u4e3ai\u3001u\u3001o\u3001e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5bf9\u5e94\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\u4e2d\u7684[i]\u3001[u]\u3001[\u0254]\u3001[\u025b]))\uff0c\u957f\u5143\u97f3\u4f1a\u5c06\u76f8\u5e94\u5b57\u6bcd\u5199\u4e24\u6b21\u3002\u6839\u636e\u672c\u65cf\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\uff0c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u4eba\u548c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7528\u76ee\u524d\u5199\u4f5cAg\u0129k\u0169y\u0169\uff08\u5355\u6570\u4e3aM\u0169g\u0129k\u0169y\u0169<sup><a href=\"#footnote_0_1494\" id=\"identifier_0_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"\u6216M\u0169\u0169g\u0129k\u0169y\u0169\">1<\/a><\/sup>\uff09\u548cG\u0129\u0129g\u0129k\u0169y\u0169\uff08\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u7528G\u0129k\u0169y\u0169\uff09\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u5916\u6587\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684Kikuyu\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u81ea\u5468\u56f4\u5f3a\u52bf\u8bed\u8a00\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u66f4\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6700\u521d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u97f3\u97f5\u5b66\u53d8\u5f62\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2ak\u8fde\u7eed\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff08k-k\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u4e2ak\u4f1a\u6d4a\u5316\u4e3ag\u3002<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5404\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5357\u5317\u65b9\u8a00\u56e2\uff0c\u5357\u90e8\u65b9\u8a00\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u6807\u7ea2\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u4e2d\u6709K\u0129ambu, M\u0169rang\u2019a\u3001Nyeri\u3001Mathira\uff1b\u5317\u90e8\u65b9\u8a00\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u6807\u84dd\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u6709Ndia\u548cG\u0129chugu\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u65b9\u8a00\u548c\u73b0\u4eca\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u884c\u653f\u533a\u540c\u540d\uff08\u4f46\u533a\u57df\u7565\u6709\u53d8\u52a8\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u548c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u662fEmbu\u3001Mbeere\u3001Meru\uff08\u5305\u62ecTharaka\u548cChuka\uff09\u3001Kamba\uff0c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u9a6c\u8d5b\u8bed\u3001\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5916\u6765\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1500\" style=\"width: 482px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Gikuyu.png\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1500\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1500\" src=\"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Gikuyu.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Gikuyu.png 472w, http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Gikuyu-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1500\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u9ed1\u767d\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81eaHeine&amp;M\u00f6hlig1980<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>[\u8f85\u97f3]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u65b9\u8a00\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d1\u97f3\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u5468\u56f4\u8bed\u8a00\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u6709\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u6587\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u7248\u672c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0b\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709b\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d\uff08\u53ea\u6709\u1d50b\u7684\u97f3\u4f4d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_1494\" id=\"identifier_1_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"\u5199\u4f5cmb\">2<\/a><\/sup>\uff09\uff0c\u5355\u72ec\u51fa\u73b0b\u65f6\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6d4a\u53cc\u5507\u64e6\u97f3\u03b2<sup><a href=\"#footnote_2_1494\" id=\"identifier_2_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"voiced bilabial fricative\">3<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d1\u97f3\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6709\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5357\u90e8\u65b9\u8a00\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3af\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u7b80\u5316\u4e3af\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u548c\u82f1\u8bed\u6216\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u53bb\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u4f4d\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3p\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3v\uff0c\u97f3\u4f4d\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3b\u3001d\u3001g<sup><a href=\"#footnote_3_1494\" id=\"identifier_3_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f85\u97f3\u81ea\u52a8\u6d4a\u5316\u7684\u97f3\u97f5\u5b66\u53d8\u5f62\u5b58\u5728\">4<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0cs\u548csh\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5c11\u89c1\u7684\u97f3\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u662f\/c\/\u97f3\u4f4d\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u8a00\u4e2d\u6216\u501f\u7528\u5916\u6765\u8bed\u65f6\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u5e0c\u5e93\u5e93\uff08Martin Shikuku\uff0c1933-2012\uff09\u5728\u63d0\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u4e54\u83ab\u00b7\u80af\u96c5\u5854\uff08\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u65cf\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u53c2\u52a0\u4f1a\u9910\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u53d1\u97f3\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u00f0ikuku, kari\u03b2u, kunywa \u00f0u\u03b2u<sup><a href=\"#footnote_4_1494\" id=\"identifier_4_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=G90iC23w0Oc &ldquo;Meet Jomo Kenyatta (FULL DOCUMENTARY) [23:13\u8d77]\">5<\/a><\/sup>\uff08Sw\uff1aShikuku, karibu, kunywa supu! \u5e0c\u5e93\u5e93\uff0c\u6765\uff0c\u559d\u6c64\uff09\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5f04\u9519\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u662fth\u3002\u5728\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u5b57\u6cd5\u91cc\u6709th\u548cdh\u5199\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94[\u03b8]\u548c[\u00f0]\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u91cc\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3[\u03b8]\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528th\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5e94\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3\u7684[\u00f0]\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5185\u7f57\u6bd5\u5e02\u90ca\u7684Thika\u9547\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7389\u7c73\u852c\u83dc\u70e9G\u0129theri\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4f5c\u5bb6Ngugi wa Thiong&#8217;o<sup><a href=\"#footnote_5_1494\" id=\"identifier_5_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong&rsquo;o\">6<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684th\u90fd\u662f\u53d1[\u00f0]\u7684\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>\u5199\u6cd5<\/th>\n<th>b<\/th>\n<th>mb<\/th>\n<th>th<\/th>\n<th>nd<\/th>\n<th>c<\/th>\n<th>nj<\/th>\n<th>g<\/th>\n<th>ny<\/th>\n<th>ng<\/th>\n<th>ng&#8217;<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53d1\u97f3<\/td>\n<td>\u03b2, f, <br \/>(b)<\/td>\n<td>\u1d50b<\/td>\n<td>\u00f0<\/td>\n<td>\u207fd<\/td>\n<td>\u0283, s, c(?)<\/td>\n<td>\u207f\u025f<\/td>\n<td>\u0263, <br \/>(g)<\/td>\n<td>\u0272<\/td>\n<td>\u1d51\u0261<\/td>\n<td>\u014b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>[\u5143\u97f3]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u67097\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u97f3\u4f4d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u975e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u4e2d\u5f88\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u53ea\u67095\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u97f3\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9762\u4e34\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\uff08John M. Mugane\uff09\u6559\u6388\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u5143\u97f3\u65f6\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u56fe\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u501f\u7528\u7684\u662fArmstrong1940\u5e74\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fc7\u5206\u8fc1\u5c31\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u56fe\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u4e86[\u00e6]\u3001[\u0251]\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e<sup><a href=\"#footnote_6_1494\" id=\"identifier_6_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"\u6bd4\u5982\u524d\u8005[&aelig;]\u662f\u82f1\u8bedapple\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u7684[\u0251]\u7528\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66\u91cc\">7<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5728\u811a\u6ce8\u91ccMugane(1997:3)\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u91cc&lt;e&gt;\u3001<\u0129>\u3001<\u0169>\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5e94\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\uff08cardinal vowel\uff09[\u025b]\u3001[e]\u3001[o]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7531\u201c\u8054\u5408\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08United Kikuyu Language Committee\uff09\u201d\u5236\u5b9a\u5e76\u4e00\u76f4\u6cbf\u7528\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c[\u00e6]\u3001[\u0251]\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u5176\u5b9e\u5bf9\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u5927\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2618\" style=\"width: 454px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vok_gikuyu.png\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2618\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vok_gikuyu.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2618\" srcset=\"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vok_gikuyu.png 444w, http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vok_gikuyu-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2618\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mugane1997:3, adapted from Armstrong1940:5<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u540e\u6765\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\uff081997\uff09\u5c06\u5143\u97f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bb\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u70b9\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e00\u4e9b\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff08\u62fc\u5199\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a<>\uff0c\u53d1\u97f3\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a[]\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5\u7684&lt;i&gt;\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5e94[i]\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684&lt;i&gt;\u6bd4\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7684[i]\u8981\u7a0d\u5fae\u9760\u4e2d\u95f4\u4e9b<sup><a href=\"#footnote_7_1494\" id=\"identifier_7_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;more open and a little retracted (centralized)&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">8<\/a><\/sup><br \/>\n\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5&lt;\u0129&gt;\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5e94[e]\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u8fd8\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684[\u0129]\u53d1\u97f3\u65f6\u5f00\u53e3\u6bd4\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5143\u97f3\u7684[e]\u66f4\u5927\u4e00\u4e9b\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_8_1494\" id=\"identifier_8_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;more open than the cardinal vowel \/e\/and, like \/i\/, retracted from the front and slightly centralized&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">9<\/a><\/sup>\u3001\u201c\u63a5\u8fd1ate\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_9_1494\" id=\"identifier_9_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;&hellip;, like sound in ate in English&rdquo;[Mugane1997:4]\">10<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<br \/>\n\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5&lt;e&gt;\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5e94[\u025b]\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u82f1\u8bed\u2018empty\u2019\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u9760\u524d\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7a0d\u5fae\u6536\u56de\u4e00\u70b9\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_10_1494\" id=\"identifier_10_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;\/\u025b\/ resembles the initial sound in &lsquo;empty&rsquo; and is slightly retracted from the front position&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">11<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<br \/>\n\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5&lt;a&gt;\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\u6b63\u5e38\u7684[a]\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5199\u6cd5\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u662f\u5728[a]\u548c[\u0251]\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u5f53\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684&lt;a&gt;\u662f\u77ed\u5143\u97f3\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u201c\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u50cf\u4e2d\u4f4d[\u0259]\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_11_1494\" id=\"identifier_11_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;The vowel \/a\/ is intermediate between \/&aelig;\/ and \/\u0251\/ and when short may sound like the schwa \/\u0259\/&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">12<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<br \/>\n\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5&lt;\u0169&gt;\u5bf9\u5e94[o]\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u5f04\u9519\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u91cc[o]\u548c[\u0254]\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u50cf\u201co\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\uff0c&lt;\u0169&gt;\u5728\u8868\u610f\u8bcd\u7d20\u91cc\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u800c&lt;o&gt;\u6216\u8005\u8bf4[\u0254]\u5e38\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u6cd5\u8bcd\u7d20\u91cc\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u53e5\u5f0f\uff09\u3002\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u201c\u662f\u5f00\u5143\u97f3\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u4e2d\u592e\u5316\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u7684own\u91cc\u542c\u51fa\u6765\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_12_1494\" id=\"identifier_12_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;The vowel \/\u0169\/ is open and slightly centralized as can be heard in the word &lsquo;own&rsquo;.&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">13<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<br \/>\n\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5&lt;o&gt;\u5bf9\u5e94[\u0254]\uff0c\u89c1&lt;\u0169&gt;\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5728\u666e\u901a\u4ea4\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7531\u6b63\u5e38\u8bed\u901f\u5f71\u54cd\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u201co\u201d\u3002\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u201c\u5f00\u5143\u97f3\u3001\u540e\u5143\u97f3\u3001\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u201ctall\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_13_1494\" id=\"identifier_13_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;The vowel \/\u0254\/ is open and back, as in the English vowel of &lsquo;tall&rsquo;&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">14<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<br \/>\n\u25a0 \u5199\u6cd5&lt;u&gt;\u5bf9\u5e94[u]\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u522b\u9700\u8981\u6807\u6ce8\u7684\u3002\u7a46\u52a0\u5948\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u4e2d\u592e\u5316\u201d<sup><a href=\"#footnote_14_1494\" id=\"identifier_14_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&ldquo;slightly centralized&rdquo; [Mugane1997:4]\">15<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u660e\u5177\u4f53\u51fa\u5904\uff0c\u5219\u6574\u7406\u4fee\u6b63\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u672c\uff1a<br \/>\n\u25a0 Benett, Patrick R. et al. 1985. G\u0129k\u0169y\u0169 n\u0129 K\u0129oigire, a first course in Kikuyu (3 volumes). Wisconsin-Madison: University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (The African Studies Program).<br \/>\n\u25a0 Heine, Bernd &#038; Wilhelm J.G. M\u00f6hlig 1980. Language and Dialect Atlas of Kenya, vol.: Geographic and Historic Introduction, Language and Society. Selected Bibliography. Berlin: Reimer.<br \/>\n\u25a0 Mugane, John M. 1997. A paradigmatic Grammar of Gi\u0303ku\u0303yu\u0303. Standord: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI Publications).<br \/>\n\u25a0 Neum\u00fcller, Hagen 1996. Zwei Elefanten: Untersuchung zu den Beziehungen zwischen Sprache und Kultur anhand ausgew\u00e4hlter Wortfelder des Kikuyu. K\u00f6ln: R\u00fcdiger K\u00f6ppe.<br \/>\n\u25a0 Wanjohi, Gerald J. 2006. English-Kikuyu, Kikuyu-English, Vocabulary and Usage. Nairobi: Nyat\u0169r\u0129ma Publications.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_0_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u6216M\u0169\u0169g\u0129k\u0169y\u0169<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_0_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_1_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u5199\u4f5cmb<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_1_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_1494\" class=\"footnote\">voiced bilabial fricative<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_2_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f85\u97f3\u81ea\u52a8\u6d4a\u5316\u7684\u97f3\u97f5\u5b66\u53d8\u5f62\u5b58\u5728<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_3_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_1494\" class=\"footnote\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=G90iC23w0Oc \u201cMeet Jomo Kenyatta (FULL DOCUMENTARY) [23:13\u8d77]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_4_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_5_1494\" class=\"footnote\">Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong&#8217;o<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_5_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_6_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u6bd4\u5982\u524d\u8005[\u00e6]\u662f\u82f1\u8bedapple\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u7684[\u0251]\u7528\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66\u91cc<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_6_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_7_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201cmore open and a little retracted (centralized)\u201d [Mugane1997:4] <span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_7_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_8_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201cmore open than the cardinal vowel \/e\/and, like \/i\/, retracted from the front and slightly centralized\u201d [Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_8_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_9_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201c&#8230;, like sound in <i>ate<\/i> in English\u201d[Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_9_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_10_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201c\/\u025b\/ resembles the initial sound in \u2018empty\u2019 and is slightly retracted from the front position\u201d [Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_10_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_11_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201cThe vowel \/a\/ is intermediate between \/\u00e6\/ and \/\u0251\/ and when short may sound like the schwa \/\u0259\/\u201d [Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_11_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_12_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201cThe vowel \/\u0169\/ is open and slightly centralized as can be heard in the word \u2018own\u2019.\u201d [Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_12_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_13_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201cThe vowel \/\u0254\/ is open and back, as in the English vowel of \u2018tall\u2019\u201d [Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_13_1494\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_14_1494\" class=\"footnote\">\u201cslightly centralized\u201d [Mugane1997:4]<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\"> [<a href=\"#identifier_14_1494\" class=\"footnote-link 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