{"id":1632,"date":"2019-06-25T19:18:28","date_gmt":"2019-06-25T17:18:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/?p=1632"},"modified":"2023-09-19T19:56:26","modified_gmt":"2023-09-19T17:56:26","slug":"%e5%9f%ba%e5%ba%93%e5%b0%a4%e8%af%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e6%a0%b8%e5%bf%83%e6%97%b6%e6%80%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/?p=1632","title":{"rendered":"\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6838\u5fc3\u65f6\u6001"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u89c1\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u30021985\u5e74\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5927\u5b66\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5206\u6821\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300aG\u0129k\u0169y\u0169 n\u0129 k\u0129oigire(\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4)\u300b\u662f\u5f88\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u4e09\u518c\uff0c\u524d\u4e24\u518c\u5206\u522b\u6d89\u53ca\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u5b66\u8981\u70b9\u548c\u5b9e\u6218\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u518c\u5219\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u6cd5\u70b9\u7684\u77ed\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u4e09\u518c\u4e66\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5c06\u8fd1\u4e00\u5343\u9875\uff0c\u4e3b\u521b\u56e2\u961f\u4ee5\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\uff08P. R. Bennett\uff09\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u6709\u4e03\u4eba\u4e4b\u591a1<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u597d\u6709\u574f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u5957\u4f5c\u54c1\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u5c3d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u7f3a\u70b9\u4e5f\u6709\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9884\u8bbe\u4eba\u7fa4\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u6bcd\u8bed\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u76f2\u70b9\uff0c\u539f\u4e66\u4e66\u5199\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8f7b\u677e\u3001\u53e3\u8bed\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u591f\u7cbe\u8981\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u4eba\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u8bd5\u7740\u5c06\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u51cc\u4e71\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u91cc\u9762\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u70b9\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\u6001\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u5c3d\u91cf\u590d\u539f\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u547d\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u5f52\u7c7b<\/font>\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u65b0\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u6784\u6210<\/h4>\n

\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u548c\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5f88\u50cf\uff0c\u65f6\u6001\u6807\u7b7e\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e3b\u5e72\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
(\u7126\u70b9)<\/th>\n<\/th>\n\u4e3b\u8bed-<\/th>\n\u65f6\u60011<\/sub>–<\/th>\n(?-)*<\/th>\n<\/th>\n(\u5bbe\u8bed-)<\/th>\n\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u57fa**<\/th>\n\u65f6\u60012<\/sub>\uff08\u542b\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
(FOC)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n SBJ-<\/td>\nTMA1<\/sub>–<\/td>\n(?-)*<\/td>\n<\/td>\n(OBJ-)<\/td>\n VB**-<\/td>\nTMA2<\/sub>(inc. Final)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     *\uff1a\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6709-k\u0129-\u7684\u8865\u5145\u8bcd\u7f00\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8ba9\u8bed\u6c14\u66f4\u8f7b\u677e\u3002
\n     **\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u57fa\uff08Verb Base\uff09\u5728\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u91cc\u6307\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5e72\uff08Verb Stem\uff09\u53bb\u6389\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u662f-a\uff09\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/font><\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8bed\u524d\u7f00\u548c\u65f6\u6001\u524d\u7f00\u3001\u65f6\u6001\u524d\u7f00\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u57fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u5143\u97f3\u878d\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u8f85\u97f3\u878d\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u770b\u5230\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8f83\u4e3a\u7a81\u5140\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u7684\u8bcd\u7d20{-raa-}\u5982\u679c\u540e\u9762\u662f\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5e72-ona\uff0c\u5219\u524d\u8005\u7684a\u4f1a\u548c\u540e\u8005o\u878d\u5408\u6210\u51fa <nd\u0129roona>\u201c\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u770b\u201d\u3002
\n<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\uff08\u80af\u5b9a\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7f16\u53f7<\/th>\n\u539f\u6587<\/th>\n\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/th>\n\u8bcd\u7d20<\/th>\n\u4f8b\u5b50<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
I-a<\/td>\n(AFF) Present
\nContinuous<\/td>\n		\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6<\/td>\n-raa-<\/td>\nn\u0129 nd\u0129raa<\/strong>ruga<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I-b<\/td>\nToday Past<\/td>\n\u4eca\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/td>\n-\u2205-…-ire<\/td>\nn\u0129 ndugire<\/strong> thamaki2<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I-c<\/td>\nYesterday Past<\/td>\n\u6628\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/td>\n-raa-…-ire<\/td>\nn\u0129 nd\u0129raa<\/strong>r\u0129ire<\/strong> nyama<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I-d<\/td>\nFar Past<\/td>\n\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/td>\n-aa-…-ire<\/td>\nn\u0129 ndaa<\/strong>rutire<\/strong> w\u0129ra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7f16\u53f7<\/th>\n\u539f\u6587<\/th>\n\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/th>\n\u8bcd\u7d20<\/th>\n\u4f8b\u5b50<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
II-a<\/td>\n(NEG) Present
\nContinuous<\/td>\n		\u5426\u5b9a\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6<\/td>\n-raa-<\/td>\nt\u0169tiraa<\/strong>thaaka na Kamau<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II-b<\/td>\n(NEG) Recent Past<\/td>\n\u5426\u5b9a\u6700\u8fd1\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/td>\n-:na-<\/td>\nNyoni itii<\/strong>nar\u0129a mbembe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II-c<\/td>\n(NEG) Far
\nPast<\/td>\n		\u5426\u5b9a\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/td>\n-aa-…-ire<\/td>\nndia<\/strong>rugire<\/strong> irio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u60013<\/a><\/sup>\uff08\u4ec5\u9650\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u6001\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7f16\u53f7<\/th>\n\u539f\u6587<\/th>\n\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/th>\n\u8bcd\u7d20<\/th>\n\u4f8b\u5b50<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
III-a<\/td>\n(AFF) Present
\nInitiatives<\/td>\n		\u73b0\u5728\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-\u2205-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nn\u0129 aku\u0129\u0129te<\/strong>
\nn\u0129 nogeete<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III-b<\/td>\n(AFF) Today Past
\nInitiatives<\/td>\n		\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-k\u0169-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nn\u0129 ngg\u0169<\/strong>rug\u0129\u0129te<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III-c<\/td>\n(AFF) Yesterday
\nPast Initiatives<\/td>\n		\u6628\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-raa-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nn\u0129 t\u0169raa<\/strong>cookeete<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III-d<\/td>\n(AFF) Far Past
\nInitiatives<\/td>\n		\u9065\u8fdc\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-aa-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nn\u0129 maa<\/strong>baar\u0129\u0129te<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u6001\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7f16\u53f7<\/th>\n\u539f\u6587<\/th>\n\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/th>\n\u8bcd\u7d20<\/th>\n\u4f8b\u5b50<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
IV-a<\/td>\n(NEG) Present
\nInitiatives<\/td>\n		\u5426\u5b9a\u73b0\u5728\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nt\u0169tir\u0129m\u0129\u0129te<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IV-b<\/td>\n(NEG) Today Past
\nInitiatives<\/td>\n		\u5426\u5b9a\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-k\u0169-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nndeek\u0169<\/strong>in\u0169k\u0129\u0129te<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IV-c<\/td>\n(NEG) Yesterday
\nPast Initiatives<\/td>\n		\u5426\u5b9a\u6628\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-raa-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nitire<\/strong>ehith\u0129\u0129te<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IV-d<\/td>\n(NEG) Far Past
\nInitiatives<\/td>\n		\u5426\u5b9a\u9065\u8fdc\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/td>\n-aa-…-\u0129\u0129te<\/td>\nndia<\/strong>komeete<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5c06\u6765<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7f16\u53f7<\/th>\n\u539f\u6587<\/th>\n\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/th>\n\u8bcd\u7d20<\/th>\n\u4f8b\u5b50<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
V-a<\/td>\nPresent Projected4<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n\u73b0\u5728\u6295\u5c04\u65f65<\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n-k\u0169-<\/td>\nng\u0169<\/strong>thi\u0129<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V-b<\/td>\nNear Future<\/td>\n\u8f83\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6<\/td>\n-r\u0129\u0129-<\/td>\nn\u0129 mar\u0129\u0129<\/strong>thooma ibuku r\u0129r\u0129.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V-c<\/td>\nFar Future<\/td>\n\u9065\u8fdc\u5c06\u6765\u65f6<\/td>\n-kaa-<\/td>\nn\u0129 magaa<\/strong>thooma ibuku r\u0129r\u0129.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u5c06\u6765\uff08\u5426\u5b9a\uff09<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u7f16\u53f7<\/th>\n\u539f\u6587<\/th>\n\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/th>\n\u8bcd\u7d20<\/th>\n\u4f8b\u5b50<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
VI-a<\/td>\n(NEG) Present Projected<\/td>\n\u5426\u5b9a\u73b0\u5728\u6295\u5c04\u65f6<\/td>\n-ku-<\/td>\nndiig\u0169<\/strong>thi\u0129<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VI-b<\/td>\n(NEG) Near Future<\/td>\n\u5426\u5b9a\u8f83\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6<\/td>\n-r\u0129\u0129-<\/td>\nndir\u0129\u0129<\/strong>m\u0169he ibuku.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VI-c<\/td>\n(NEG) Far Future<\/td>\n\u5426\u5b9a\u9065\u8fdc\u5c06\u6765\u65f6<\/td>\n-kaa-<\/td>\nndikaa<\/strong>m\u0169he ibuku.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u65f6\u6001\u524d\u7f00\u6216\u540e\u7f00\u5217\u8868<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
-raa-<\/p>\n

PRG<\/font><\/td>\n

\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u6001\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\uff08Progressive\uff09<\/font>\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u65f6<\/font>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u52a8\u8bcd\u800c\u662f\u7528\u7cfb\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u642d\u914d\u6628\u5929\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\/\u52a9\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u6628\u5929\u65f6\u201d<\/font>((ira nd\u0129raar\u0129 m\u0169nogu \u201cyesterday I was tired\u201d))<\/td>\n

\u5728\u524d\u6587\u4e2d\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-a\uff09<\/font>\uff0c\u5982\u642d\u914d\u5426\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8bed\u524d\u7f00\u5219\u4e5f\u80fd\u8868\u793a\u5426\u5b9a\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6<\/font>\uff08II-a\uff09<\/font>\uff1b\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u540e\u7f00\u8054\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u53d8\u6210\u6628\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-c\uff09<\/font>\uff1b\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\u7ed3\u679c\u4ecd\u65e7\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u201c\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u6001\u540e\u7f00\u201d\u8054\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u6628\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/font>\uff08III-c\uff09<\/font>\uff0c\u5982\u642d\u914d\u5426\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8bed\u524d\u7f00\u5219\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u6628\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/font>\uff08IV-c\uff09<\/font>\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-ire<\/p>\n

PST<\/font><\/td>\n

\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u89c1\u3001\u4e5f\u5f88\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff08Past\uff09<\/font>\u8bcd\u7d20\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u52a8\u8bcd\u540e\u7f00(!)\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u6e56\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u8a00\u5f88\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002<\/td>\n\u5728\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u666e\u901a\u65f6\u6001\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7528\u6cd5\u8d2f\u7a7f\u6240\u6709\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u65f6\u6001\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-b\uff09<\/font>\u3001\u6628\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-c\uff09<\/font>\u548c\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-d\uff09<\/font>\u90fd\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7d20\uff1b\u5728\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u6001\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u4eca\u5929\u548c\u6628\u5929\u4e24\u5929\u5185\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u5426\u5b9a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5-ire\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u540e\u7f00\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u5426\u5b9a\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08II-c\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-\u0129\u0129te6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

INIT
\n\/PERS<\/font><\/td>\n

\u975e\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u6001\u540e\u7f00\uff0c\u6682\u65f6\u53ea\u80fd\u6309\u7167Bennett\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\uff08Initiative\uff09<\/font>7<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4f46\u884c\u52a8\u4ecd\u672a\u5b8c\u7ed3\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u8bdd\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u201cPersistive\u201d<\/font>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u547d\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/font>\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u5373\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e24\u8005\u80fd\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4f46\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u6001\u524d\u7f00\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u975e\u5e38\u5de5\u6574\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u662f\u56db\u4e2a\uff08III-a-4<\/font>\uff09\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u4e5f\u662f\u56db\u4e2a\uff08IV-a-4<\/font>\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-aa-<\/p>\n

PF<\/font><\/td>\n

\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff08Perfective\uff09<\/font>\u3002\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u867d\u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u91cc\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u600e\u4e48\u5173\u6ce8\u5b83\u3002\u76d6\u6c99\u52a0\uff08B. M. Gecaga\uff09\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6((\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8fd8\u5728\u6253\u8305\u8305\u6218\u4e89\uff081952-1960\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u76d6\u6c99\u52a0\uff08B. M. Gecaga\uff09\u51fa\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u77ed\u7684\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a-a-\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u63cf\u8ff0\u6210\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff1a\u5c31\u5728\u521a\u521a\u201d\uff0c\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6-ire\u8054\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u63cf\u8ff0\u6210\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff1a\u4eca\u5929\u65e9\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u201d\uff08Gecaga1953:18\uff09))\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e-aa-\u624d\u662f\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u65f6\u6001\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u25a0 \u5728\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u201c\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u518d\u53bb\u8c03\u6574\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6-ire\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u72b6\u6001\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u7740\uff08\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6-\u0129\u0129te\uff09
\n\u25a0 -aa-\u7684\u7ec4\u5408-ar\u0129\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u5355\u7eaf(( -raa-\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c-r\u0129\u201c\u662f\u201d\u5408\u7528\u8868\u793a\u201c\u6628\u5929\u6709\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u642d\u914d\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46-raa-\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u201d\u6307\u5411\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u552f\u4e00\uff0c\u89c1\u524d\u6587-raa-))\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u6709\u201d\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u6709\u8fc7\u201d\uff09\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u6001\uff0c-ire\u4e5f\u597d-\u0129\u0129te\u4e5f\u597d\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u662f\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u5408\u7528\u3002<\/td>\n

\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f\u540e\u7f00\u8054\u52a8\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-c\uff09<\/font>\u548c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u6001\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u5426\u5b9a\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08II-c\uff09<\/font>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u65f6\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u524d\u6587\u7684\u8868\u5355\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5355\u72ec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684<\/font>\uff0c\u5982<Aa<\/font>g\u0169ra>\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u4ed6\u521a\u4e70\u4e86\u201d<\/p>\n

\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u91cc\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63d0\u5230-aa-\u7684\u65f6\u6001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-b\uff09<\/font>\u7684\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\uff08Consecutive\uff09\u201d<\/font>8<\/a><\/sup>\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f<n\u0129 nd\u0129ire nyama ndaaniina.>\u201c\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u5728\u5403\u8089\u7136\u540e\u5403\u5b8c\u4e86\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

-k\u0169-<\/p>\n

VLT
\n\/GRND<\/font><\/td>\n

\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540c\u5f62\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u65f6\u6001\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u547d\u540d\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4ecd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u9884\u60f3\u65f6(Volitive)\u201d<\/font>\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u501f\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u6cd5\u91cc\u7684\u201cGerundive\u201d<\/font>9<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u529f\u80fd\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u63cf\u8ff0\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u548c\u201c\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u201d\u4e92\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5173\u8054\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u7f55\u89c1\uff1a\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u201cGerundive\u201d\uff0c\u8bcd\u7d20\u662f-nd-\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9633\u9634\u4e2d\u4e09\u6027\u53d8\u5f62\u5206\u522b-ndus\u3001-nda\u548c-ndum\uff08\u590d\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0d\u8868\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8868\u793a\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u5206\u8bcd\uff08Future Passive Participle\uff09\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6309\u7167\u7edd\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u5206\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n

-k\u01691<\/sub>-\uff1a\u6700\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff08Nearest Future\uff09<\/font>
\n-k\u01692<\/sub>-\uff1a\u4eca\u5929\u65f6<\/font>\uff08Hoditiv?\uff09<\/font><\/font>
\nk\u01693<\/sub>-\uff1a\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\uff08Infinitiv\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n

\u5728\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\u6709\u4e9b\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u9884\u60f3\u65f6\u201d\u7684-k\u0169-\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u4eca\u5929\u65f6\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u6536\u5f55\u4e8e\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u7684<\/font>\uff08III-c\uff09<\/font>\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/font>\uff08IV-c\uff09<\/font><\/p>\n

\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u9884\u60f3\u65f6\u201d\u7684-k\u0169-\u6700\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u90fd\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f-a\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u3001\u60f3\u8981\u5f88\u5feb\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5373\u6700\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6<\/font>\u2014\u2014\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u6295\u5c04\u65f6\u201d<\/font>\uff08V-a\uff09<\/font>\u2014\u2014\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u6001\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u5f53\u4e0b\uff08\u4eca\u5929\uff09\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u975e\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f15\u7533\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u65f6\u6001\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u600110<\/a><\/sup>\uff1b\u5f53\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u65e9\u5df2\u5728\u5f53\u5929\u8fdb\u5165\u72b6\u6001\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6<\/font>\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u6b7b\u677f\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u8003\u67e5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u6001\u53c8\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u201d\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

-r\u0129\u0129-<\/p>\n

NFUT<\/font><\/td>\n

\u8f83\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff08Near Future\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n\u89c1\u524d\u6587\u8f83\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff08Near Future\uff09<\/font>\uff08V-b\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-kaa-<\/p>\n

FFUT<\/font><\/td>\n

\u9065\u8fdc\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff08Far Future\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n\u89c1\u524d\u6587\u9065\u8fdc\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\uff08Far Future\uff09<\/font>\uff08V-c\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-:na-<\/p>\n

NEG<\/font><\/td>\n

\u5426\u5b9a\u65f6<\/font>\uff0c\u4ec5\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\u53e6\u8fd8\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1a\u4e00\u662fna\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u6001\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u8054\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u53d8\u6210\u957f\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bed\u7d20\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u4e3b\u8bed\u4eba\u79f0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5i\u88ab\u62c9\u957f\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u8f83\u5e38\u89c1\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u91cc\u52a0\u5165\u4e86”yet”\u8fd9\u4e2a\u526f\u8bcd11<\/a><\/sup>\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5(realis\/irrealis)\u3002<\/td>\n\u89c1\u524d\u6587\u5426\u5b9a\u6700\u8fd1\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff08NEG Recent Past\uff09<\/font>\uff08II-b\uff09<\/font><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\uff082019\u5e746\u670825\u65e5\u5b8c\u6210\u521d\u7a3f\uff0c2021\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\u4fee\u8ba2\uff09<\/p>\n

  1. Patrick R. Bennett\u3001Ann Biersteker\u3001Waithira Gikonyo\u3001Susan Hershberg\u3001Joel Kamande\u3001Corolyn Perez\u3001Martha Swearingen [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  2. \u4e3b\u8bed\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u97f3\u97f5\u5b66\u53d8\u5316\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
    \nn\u0129 nyonire Kamau
    \nn\u0129 nd\u0129\u0129rutire
    \nn\u0129 nj\u0129tire [    ↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  3. Bennett&\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2ainitiatives\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u201csomething happend which produced a situation which still exists (220)\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528Perfect\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u201cEnglish Perfect focusses on the continued situation. English, seeing that something is continuing, does not ask is it the action or the result.\u201d [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  4. \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u7684\u6bcd\u8bed\u8005\u90fd\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u6001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9762\u5411\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u91cc\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4”The …. aspect, the Projected, … is treating a future action as present” [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  5. \u201c\u6295\u5c04\u65f6\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u7684\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u91cc\u4e3a\u201c\u9884\u60f3\u65f6\u201d [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  6. \u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5143\u97f3\u662fe\u6216\u8005o\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7d20\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3a-eete\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5143\u97f3\u548c\u8c10\u201d [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  7. \u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u82f1\u8bed\u65f6\u6001\u548c\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u65f6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u8bd1\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u6027\uff0cBennett\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u53d1\u7aef\u65f6\u201d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u65f6\u6001\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a
    \nBut you have to remember that in Kikuyu we mean ‘something happened which produced a situation which still exists’. So ‘they have arrived’ [in Kikuyu] implies that ‘they are still here’; ‘they had cooked’ [in Kikuyu] implies ‘food was still in the pot’.
    \n(Bennett&1985a:220) [    ↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  8. \u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5f88\u542b\u7cca\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u201d\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a{-k\u0129-}\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u6001\u4e92\u52a8\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1aa) \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u201d\u7684-aa-\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74\u8f83\u8fdc\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6-ire\u548c\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74\u8f83\u8fd1\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6-a-\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684; b) \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u201d\u7684-raa-\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8981\u5904\u7406\u6628\u5929\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u7684-raa- … -ire\u5982\u4f55\u6446\u8131\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6-ire\u6240\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5f15\u7528\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u975e-raa-\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u201d; c)\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6-k\u0129-\u624d\u662f\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6846\u67b6\u4e5f\u6beb\u65e0\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u88ab\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6<\/font>\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u800c\u6307\u4ee3\u7684\u9065\u8fdc\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6<\/font>\uff08I-d\uff09<\/font>\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u8f74\u4e0a\u6240\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ee7\u7eed\u53bb\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u5de7\u662f\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u65f6\u201d\u91cc\u552f\u4e00\u7ed9\u51fa\u5426\u5b9a\u5f62\u6001\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684<n\u0129 ndaarugire na nyama ndir\u0129e.>\u201c\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u716e\u4e86\u8089\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u540e\u6765\u6ca1\u5403\u201d [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  9. \u201cGerundive\u201d\u76ee\u524d\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u8bd1\u6cd5\u201c\u52a8\u5f62\u8bcd\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\uff08\u201c\u5206\u8bcd\u201d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5370\u8c61\uff09\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u76f8\u5f53\u3002\u4f46\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u91cc\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u666e\u904d\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u662f\u5145\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u52a8\u5f62\u8bcd\u201d\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4f7f\u5f97Gerundive\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0d\u52a0\u9650\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u5c31\u4f7f\u7528 [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  10. \u201c\u6b63\u724c\u201d\u7684\u8f83\u8fd1\u5c06\u6765\u65f6-r\u0129\u0129-<\/font>\uff08V-b\uff09<\/font>\u548c\u660e\u540e\u5c06\u6765\u65f6-kaa-<\/font>\uff08V-canvas\uff09<\/font>\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u522b\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u524d\u7f00\u6765\u642d\u914d\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5e72 [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li>
  11. <ndiinatema m\u0169ti> “I haven’t cut down a tree yet” [↩<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u89c1\u5ea6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u30021985\u5e74\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5927\u5b66\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5206\u6821\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300aG\u0129k\u0169y\u0169 n\u0129 k\u0129oigire(\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4)\u300b\u662f\u5f88\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u4e09\u518c\uff0c\u524d\u4e24\u518c\u5206\u522b\u6d89\u53ca\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u5b66\u8981\u70b9\u548c\u5b9e\u6218\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u518c\u5219\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u6cd5\u70b9\u7684\u77ed\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u4e09\u518c\u4e66\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5c06\u8fd1\u4e00\u5343\u9875\uff0c\u4e3b\u521b\u56e2\u961f\u4ee5\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\uff08P. R. Bennett\uff09\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u6709\u4e03\u4eba\u4e4b\u591a1\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u597d\u6709\u574f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u5957\u4f5c\u54c1\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u8f83\u4e3a\u8be6\u5c3d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u7f3a\u70b9\u4e5f\u6709\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9884\u8bbe\u4eba\u7fa4\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u6bcd\u8bed\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u76f2\u70b9\uff0c\u539f\u4e66\u4e66\u5199\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8f7b\u677e\u3001\u53e3\u8bed\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u591f\u7cbe\u8981\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65b9\u4fbf\u4eba\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u8bd5\u7740\u5c06\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u51cc\u4e71\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u91cc\u9762\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u70b9\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\u6001\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u5c3d\u91cf\u590d\u539f\u672c\u5c3c\u7279\u7b49\uff081985\uff09\u547d\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u5f52\u7c7b\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u90e8\u5206\u5219\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u65b0\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002 \u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u6784\u6210 \u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u548c\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5f88\u50cf\uff0c\u65f6\u6001\u6807\u7b7e\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e3b\u5e72\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a (\u7126\u70b9) \u4e3b\u8bed- \u65f6\u60011– (?-)* (\u5bbe\u8bed-) \u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u57fa** \u65f6\u60012\uff08\u542b\u8bcd\u5c3e\uff09 (FOC)  SBJ- TMA1– (?-)* (OBJ-)  VB**- TMA2(inc. Final)      *\uff1a\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6709-k\u0129-\u7684\u8865\u5145\u8bcd\u7f00\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8ba9\u8bed\u6c14\u66f4\u8f7b\u677e\u3002      **\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u57fa\uff08Verb Base\uff09\u5728\u73ed\u56fe\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u91cc\u6307\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5e72\uff08Verb Stem\uff09\u53bb\u6389\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u662f-a\uff09\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u90e8\u5206 \u7531\u4e8e\u4e3b\u8bed\u524d\u7f00\u548c\u65f6\u6001\u524d\u7f00\u3001\u65f6\u6001\u524d\u7f00\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u57fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u5143\u97f3\u878d\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u8f85\u97f3\u878d\u5408\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u770b\u5230\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8f83\u4e3a\u7a81\u5140\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u7684\u8bcd\u7d20{-raa-}\u5982\u679c\u540e\u9762\u662f\u201c\u770b\u5230\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5e72-ona\uff0c\u5219\u524d\u8005\u7684a\u4f1a\u548c\u540e\u8005o\u878d\u5408\u6210\u51fa <nd\u0129roona>\u201c\u6211\u6b63\u5728\u770b\u201d\u3002 Patrick R. Bennett\u3001Ann Biersteker\u3001Waithira Gikonyo\u3001Susan Hershberg\u3001Joel Kamande\u3001Corolyn Perez\u3001Martha Swearingen [↩]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1632"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1632"}],"version-history":[{"count":149,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1632\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3266,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1632\/revisions\/3266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1632"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1632"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1632"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}