{"id":2271,"date":"2020-12-16T16:17:16","date_gmt":"2020-12-16T15:17:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/?p=2271"},"modified":"2021-02-23T19:35:45","modified_gmt":"2021-02-23T18:35:45","slug":"wakilisho-la-ufundishaji-wa-kiswahili-ulaya-na-uchina-kwenye-webina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/?p=2271","title":{"rendered":"Wakilisho la “Ufundishaji wa Kiswahili Ulaya na Uchina” kwenye webina ya “Kiswahili Ulimwenguni”"},"content":{"rendered":"

MADA\/MATINI<\/strong>: “Ufundishaji wa Kiswahili Ulaya na Uchina: Modeli mbili na Changamoto zao”
\n\u6f14\u8bb2\u9898\u76ee\uff1a\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u6311\u6218\uff08\u8bb2\u7a3f\uff09
\nTOPIC<\/strong>: \u201cTeaching Swahili Language in Europe And China: Two Models and Their Challenges\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

MWAKILISHAJI<\/strong>: Yuning Shen (Chuo Kikuu cha Ualimu cha Zhejiang)
\n\u6f14\u8bb2\u4eba\uff1a\u6c88\u7389\u5b81\uff08\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7279\u9080\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff09
\nSpeaker<\/strong>: Yuning Shen (Zhejiang Normal University)
\n<\/em>
\nWEBINA<\/strong>: “Kiswahili Ulimwenguni” (kwa ajili ya kuadhimisha miaka 50 tangu kuasisiwa kwa Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi, Kenya)
\n\u7f51\u7edc\u4f1a\u8bae<\/strong>\uff1a\u201c\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u6587\u5316\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u201d\uff08\u66a8\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5185\u7f57\u6bd5\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u682150\u5468\u5e74\uff09
\nWEBINAR<\/strong>: \u201cSwahili in The World\u201d (for the 50th anniversary of the University of Nairobi, Kenya)<\/em><\/p>\n

TAREHE<\/strong>: 2020\/12\/02, Saa 8:00 – 10:30 (za Afrika Mashariki)
\n\u65e5\u671f\uff1a2020\u5e7412\u67082\u65e5\uff0c14\u70b9-16\u70b930\u5206\uff08\u4e1c\u975e\u5f53\u5730\u65f6\u95f4\uff09
\nDATE: 2020\/12\/02, 2:00 p.m. \u2013 4:30 p.m. (East African Hours)<\/em><\/p>\n

LUGHA YA MAWASILIANO<\/strong>: Kiswahili (TANBIHI: Maandishi ya Kichina na Kiswahili ni tafsri kutoka lugha ya Kiswahili)
\n\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bed\u8a00<\/strong>\uff1a\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\uff08\u672c\u6587\u8bb2\u7a3f\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u4e3a\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff09
\nLANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION<\/strong>: Swahili (The Chinese and English versions are translated from Swahili)<\/p>\n

KIUNGO (Faili ya PPT) \/ \u94fe\u63a5\uff08PPT\uff09\/ Link (PPT)<\/strong>: UfundishajiKiswahiliUlayaUchina.pdf<\/a>
\nKIUNGO (HIFADHI) \/ \u94fe\u63a5\uff08\u89c6\u9891\u5b58\u6863\uff09\/ Link (Video archive)<\/strong>: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iT6Y64UnLsE&t=2386s<\/a><\/p>\n

\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8bb2\u7a3f\u6574\u7406\uff1a\u6c88\u7389\u5b81
\n\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u5415\u6797\u6f47\u3001\u6e38\u96e8\u5ae3
\n\u82f1\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u5f20\u68a6\u5b87\u3001\u6e38\u96e8\u5ae3\u3001R. Mutinda<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\n [40:33] Walimu wote wenzangu, maprofesa, wakuu wa vyuo vikuu, na wadau wote kutoka sehemu mbalimbali pamoja na washabiki wa lugha ya Kiswahili wanaojumuika hapa leo kwenye webina. Hamjambo?<\/strong>
\n[40:33] \u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u5404\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u3001\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u5404\u5730\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u548c\u7231\u597d\u8005\u4eec\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u597d\uff01
\n [40:33] All my fellow teachers, professors, university presidents, all stakeholders and Swahili language enthusiasts all over the world who are gethering here today on the webinar. How are you?<\/em>
\n [40:48] Kwa majina naitwa Yuning Shen, mmoja wa wanaowakilisha wataalam wa elimu ya Afrika nchini Uchina. Taasisi ninayoiwakilisha moja kwa moja katika kazi hii pia nitaijulisha baadaye kwani hata hii imekuwa sehemu ya waklisho langu la leo.<\/strong>
\n[40:48] \u6211\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u6c88\u7389\u5b81\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u6b21\u5728\u7ebf\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u56fd\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u53c2\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6211\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6211\u4f1a\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a[\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5b66\u5236]\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u53c2\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002
\n [40:48] My name is Yuning Shen, one of the representing Chinese experts of African studies. Later I will also explain the institution which I represent directly in this work because even this becomes a part of my presentation today.<\/em><\/p>\n

[41:04] Lakini awali kabisa, naomba mnisamehe na lafudhi yangu ya kigeni, sababu naona walimu wangu wengi wa Kiswahili wako hapa leo. Nijaribu kila niwezavyo nisije nikawakasirisha sana kwa matamshi yangu mabaya, basi.<\/strong>
\n[41:04] \u4f46\u662f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u8bf7\u5927\u5bb6\u5148\u539f\u8c05\u6211\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u53e3\u97f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u770b\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4e0e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8001\u5e08\u3002\u6211\u4f1a\u5c3d\u91cf\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u53d1\u97f3\u96be\u542c\u800c\u751f\u6211\u7684\u6c14(\u7b11)\u3002
\n [41:04] But first of all, please forgive me for my foreign accent, because I have seen that a lot of my Swahili language teachers here today. [For them] I will try my best to avoid impure pronunciation so that they won\u2019t be mad at me just because of this pronunciation [laughing]. OK, now.<\/em><\/p>\n

[41:21] Mada yangu kuu ya leo ni “ufundishaji wa Kiswahili Ulaya na Uchina: modeli mbili za kukuza lugha pamoja na changamoto zao”. Madhumuni ya wakilisho hili kwa ufupi sana ni sentensi moja tu: “Uhai wa lugha ni matumizi yake.” “Uhai wa lugha ni matumizi yake”. Nitarudia rudia huku na kule, niwieni radhi, kwa sababu nitarudia tu.<\/strong>
\n[41:21] \u4eca\u5929\u6211\u53d1\u8a00\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u6311\u6218\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u9898\u76ee\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u6982\u62ec\u4e2d\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u3002\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u672c\u8eab\u201d\uff0c\u8bf7\u539f\u8c05\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u91cc\u65f6\u4e0d\u65f6\u5730\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u8bf7\u5927\u5bb6\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\u3002
\n [41:21] My topic for today is “Teaching Swahili Language in Europe and China: Two Models and Their Challenges”. In short, it\u2019s just about one sentence: “The life of a language is its use.” ” The life of a language is its use”. I will repeat this phrase many times. Please forgive me, because I just will repeat, many times.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\n [41:54] Kama mada ilivyoandikwa natakiwa kufafanua mfumo wa ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili Ulaya, kisha ule wa Uchina, kwa sababu barani Ulaya kuna nchi tofauti tofauti zenye utamaduni wao wa kufundisha lugha katika historia, pia nafikiri wengi wetu tayari walishawahi kwenda huko, wengine kwa makongamano, wengine kwa masomo, na tena leo tuko na mwalimu Beata [Wojtowicz] kutoka Upolandi yuko hapa nasi. Bila shaka yeye anajua vizuri kuliko mimi, kwa hiyo sitasema mengi sana.<\/strong>
\n[41:54]\u5c31\u50cf\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u6807\u9898\u7f29\u5199\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u9996\u5148\u9610\u660e\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u63a5\u7740\u9610\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u5728\u5ea7\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u53bb\u8fc7\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53c2\u52a0\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fdb\u4fee\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u8d1d\u5a05\u5854\uff08Beata Wojtowicz\uff09\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u5979\u80af\u5b9a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u6bd4\u6211\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\u8bb2\u592a\u591a\u3002
\n [41:54] Just like the title indicated, I should first explain the Swahili teaching model in Europe, and then explain Chinese teaching model. But because different European countries have their own teaching culture, and I also think that many of us have already been there, some because of conferences, others because of studies, and also we have teacher Beata (Wojtowicz) here with us , certainly she knows better than I do (about teaching in Europe), so I won’t say too much here.<\/em><\/p>\n

[42:25] Nitajaribu tu kutoa taswira kwa ujumla juu ya hiyo tofauti baina ya modeli mbili. Kwa ukweli sitaki hata kuitaja moja kuwa modeli ya Ulaya nyingine modeli ya Uchina kwa sababu katika hizi enzi za utandawazi, mambo mengi ni matokeo ya mabadilishano na kufundishana.<\/strong>
\n[42:25] (\u6240\u4ee5)\u6211\u5c31\u8bd5\u7740\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6982\u7684\u3001\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u5c06\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u79f0\u547c\u4e3a\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6d41\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002
\n [42:25] (And, instead,) I’ll try to give a general picture of the differences between the two models. In fact I do not even want to call them the European model and the Chinese modeli, because in this era of globalization many things are as the result of exchanges and mutual learning.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\n [42:46] Sasa. Kama kitangulizi nataka kunukuu maandishi ya profesa wetu [Kyallo Wadi] Wamitila alivyo andika kwenye dibaji ya kamusi yake ya fasihi, akiwa anataja majina mengi ya wazungu wa misioni kuanzia Ludwig Krapf hadi Harold Lambert, karibu wote ni Waingereza au Wadachi.<\/strong>
\n[42:46] \u597d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u74e6\u7c73\u63d0\u62c9\u6559\u6388\uff08[Kyallo Wadi] Wamitila\uff09\u6240\u8457\u300a\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u6587\u5b66\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u5199\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c[PPT]\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ed6\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4ece\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u666e\u592b\uff08Ludwig Krapf\uff09\u5230\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7\u5170\u4f2f\u7279\uff08Harold Lambert\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u6216\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002
\n [42:46] Now. I would like to quote the way how our Professor (Kyallo Wadi) Wamitila wrote in the preface of his Dictionary for (Swahili) literature. There he mentioned many names of European missionaries, starting from Ludwig Krapf to Harold Lambert, almost all of them are from England or the then Germany.<\/em><\/p>\n

[43:10] Ningetaka kuongeza kidogo tu kwa sababu hizo kazi hasa za mwanzo mwanzo alizotaja profesa Wamitila ni zile za misioni, lakini kuanzisha ufundishaji katika vyuo vikuu kukaja kwa kuchelewesha kidogo tu.<\/strong>
\n[43:10] \u6211\u60f3\u5728\u6b64\u5c31\u7a0d\u5fae\u518d\u52a0\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u74e6\u7c73\u63d0\u62c9\uff08Wamitila\uff09\u6559\u6388\u63d0\u5230\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u6536\u96c6\u6574\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u7531\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u73b0\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u6559\u5b66\u5219\u662f\u7a0d\u665a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002
\n [43:10] I would like to add just a little more because those very early works that Professor Wamitila mentioned were solely missionary work, but starting university education was a little bit later.<\/em><\/p>\n

[43:46] Mimi mwenyewe nilipoanza elimu yangu ya lugha ya Kiswahili, nilikuwa Hamburg, kaskazini mwa Ujerumani. Pia ni mahali ambapo uchunguzi wa lugha za Kiafrika ulipomea mzizi. Maanake kabla ya hapo mwanzo mwanzo ya karne ya ishirini, hakukuwa na watu wengi wanaoamini kwamba lugha za Kiafrika zihitaji ama zistahili kusomwa chuoni.<\/strong>
\n[43:46] \u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5728\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\u4eba\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5317\u90e8\u57ce\u5e02\u6c49\u5821\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u521d\u624e\u6839\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\uff08\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u5236\u91cc\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff09\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u548c\u518d\u66f4\u65e9\u524d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u975e\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u9700\u8981\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u503c\u5f97\u5427\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u53bb\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u3002
\n [43:46] When I started learning Swahili, I was in Hamburg in northern Germany. It is also the place where the study of African languages took root. I mean, before the beginning of the twentieth century, there were not many people who believed that African languages needed or deserved to be studied in higher education.<\/em><\/p>\n

[44:15] Na… Kukatokea modeli ya kufundisha lugha ya Kiswahili kwa ajili ya kusaidia utafiti mwingine fulani fulani na hata mada yenyewe haina uhusiano moja kwa moja na lugha. Tanzu ya elimu hii mara nyingi pia ikawa inatajwa elimu ya … au taaluma ya maswala ya Afrika, yaani “African Studies” kwa Kiingereza.<\/strong>
\n[44:15] \u63a5\u7740…\u5c31\u6162\u6162\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u6388\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8f85\u52a9\u5176\u5b83\u8bfe\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bfe\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u9898\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u540e\u6765\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u5b66\u201cAfrican Studies\u201d\u3002
\n [44:15] And\u2026then a specialised teaching model emerged whereby the purpose of teaching Swahili is only to assist the research of other topics, and even in some cases, language and research subject are not even directly related. This kind of model was later often called “professional sciences on African topics”, or “African Studies” as English puts it.<\/em><\/p>\n

[44:45] Na hiyo modeli inaendelea hadi sasa na inatumika na vyuo vingi vya Ulaya, Marekani na kwa kiasi pia na vyuo vya Asia. Labda bado kuna kile chuo cha Hamburg, pamoja na vyuo vichache bado wanashikilia kuiita tanzu [yao] kama \u201cIsimu ya lugha za Kiafrika\u201d.<\/strong>
\n[44:45]\u8be5\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u540e\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u6b27\u7f8e\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u4e9a\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7528\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u53ea\u6709\u6c49\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u5176\u5b83\u5c11\u6570\u9ad8\u6821\u4ecd\u4e60\u60ef\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u201d[\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u201d]\u3002
\n [44:45] This model then has been used in Europe, America and a few Asian universities to date. Perhaps only a few other universities such as the University of Hamburg still call their major as “African Linguistics” [instead of “African Studies”].<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [45:06] Sasa, kwa wale ambao hawajajikita katika uwanja huu, pia jana nilijaribu kuorodhesha vyuo vikuu ninavyovijua mimi mwenyewe kwamba kazi zao kuhusu lugha ya Kiswahili vinajulikana sana barani Ulaya. Bila shaka nitashindwa kutaja vyote. Naomba wanisamehe hata sasa.<\/strong>
\n[45:06] \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\uff08\u7167\u987e\uff09\u90a3\u4e9b\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u5173\u6ce8\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u6628\u5929\u8bd5\u7740\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u3001\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u53ef\u89c1\u5ea6\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u90fd\u5217\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u2014\u2014\u6700\u597d\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5427\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u80fd\u539f\u8c05\u6211\u3002
\n [45:06] Now, for those who has not yet focused on this field, yesterday I tried to list some of the most famous universities in Europe for them. I have listed the universities which I know myself and for which their works about Swahili Studies are quite famous in Europe. Of course, it is impossible for me to list all the universities. I hope that they will – better starting from now – just forgive me.<\/em><\/p>\n

[45:32] Kupitia hiyo jedwali ama picha tunajua kwamba kweli ufundishaji wa lugha ya kiswhaili umesambaa katika bara la Ulaya. Lakini aghlabu kubwa ni walitumia lugha ya Kiswahili kuwa sehemu ya elimu yake tu.<\/strong>
\n[45:32] \u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u56fe\u7247\u5427\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u904d\u5e03\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5404\u5730\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u628a\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002
\n [45:32] Through this picture we know that indeed the teaching of Swahili has spread throughout Europe. But most of the time they used the Swahili language as part of their research only.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [45:47] Sasa nijumuishe kidogo nilivyofafanua hadi sasa, katika mitindo ya kukuza lugha ya Kiswahili katika vyuo vikuu kuna mitindo miwili, mmoja ningeuita modeli ya “African Studies”.<\/strong>
\n[45:47] \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u628a\u76ee\u524d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u505a\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ed3\uff0c\u5728\u9ad8\u6821\u4e2d\u63a8\u5e7f\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u65f6\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u6211\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002
\n [45:47] Now, please let me make a summary of what I have introduced. There are two models for promoting Swahili in universities. One is the “African Studies” model I mentioned.<\/em><\/p>\n

[46:05] Hapo lugha ya Kiswahili inatumika kama kozi ya kuchaguliwa kati ya lugha nyingine za kiafrika. Asilimia kubwa ya mradi huu mdogo kando la mada yao kuu unadumu miaka miwili tu ama mihula minne. Masomo yenyewe yanalenga mambo mbalambali yanayohusu Afrika kwa ujumla, historia, siasa, uchumi, uhusiano wa mataifa, na kadhalika, ahh, fasihi ya Afrika bila shaka, lakini kutoka mtazamo wa fasihi ya dunia.<\/strong>
\n[46:05] \u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8bfe\u662f[\u5fc5\u4fee\u7684]\u975e\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e00\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u6559\u5b66\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5c0f\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u76f8\u8f83\u6765\u8bf4\u4ec5\u5360\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u5e74\u6216\u56db\u4e2a\u5b66\u671f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u5236\u672c\u8eab\u6559\u6388\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u975e\u6d32\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u662f\u4ee5\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u53bb\u8fdb\u884c\u8bb2\u89e3\u7684\u3002
\n [46:05] Under this model, Swahili is an optional course in African language courses for students. This language course <\/i><\/em>will be given a very limited time span<\/i><\/em> compared to the main course, it only takes two academic years or four semesters. As for the main course, this teaching model focuses on many aspects of Africa, such as history, politics, economics, international relations, etc. Of course, it also involves African literature, but the explanation is based on world literature as a starting point.<\/em><\/p>\n

[46:38] Sasa kwa upande wa lugha ya kufundishia, karibu nchi zote, ni Kiingereza tu au lugha ya rasmi au lugha ya taifa ya nchi husika, ama chuo husika.<\/strong>
\n[46:38] \u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bfe\u5802\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5728\u5f00\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u8005\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u5b66\u6821\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002
\n [46:38] Now, as far as the teaching language is concerned, almost all countries use English, or use the national language or national language in the countries where these studies are conducted, or use [other] languages prescribed by the school.<\/em><\/p>\n

[46:50] Kwa hiyo, baada ya kuhitimu hiyo shahada ya BA, wanafunzi kweli wamepata maarifa mengi ya lugha ya Kiswahili, lakini… labda wanaweza kusoma gazeti la Kiswahili wakiwa na makamusi na daftari la sarufi lakini ikifika uwanja wa maongezi na kuwaongelesha watu watapata shida. Kwa hiyo watakiwa waende Afrika Mashariki wakae na jamii na kutumia lugha wenyewe. Hayo ndiyo modeli ya African Studies.<\/strong>
\n[46:50] \u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd[\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u7684]\u5b66\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u786e\u5b9e\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f…\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u80fd\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e66\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6765\u8bfb\u61c2\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u8bed\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u53e3\u5934\u6d41\u7545\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u5728\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u4eb2\u81ea\u524d\u5f80\u4e1c\u975e\u591a\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u4eb2\u81ea\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bed\u8a00\u6765\u953b\u70bc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u3002
\n [46:50] So, after completing their studies, students learn a lot about Swahili, but… they can only use dictionaries and grammar books to read Swahili, but they have trouble communicating orally. As a result, they have to go to East Africa to practice their language. This is the model of “African studies”.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [47:22] Sasa tuangalie modeli ya Uchina. Kwa sababu usomi wa ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili haujulikani sana kwa upande wa Afrika Mashariki.<\/strong>
\n[47:22] \u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5bf9\u4e1c\u975e\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u6bd4\u8f83\u964c\u751f\u3002
\n [47:22] Now let’s look at the Chinese model. Because the model is not well known in East Africa.<\/em><\/p>\n

[47:34] Ni tofauti kubwa sana. Na sasa pia sitaki kuiita modeli ya Uchina kwa sababu siku hizi pia kuna nchi mbili tatu za Afrika Magharibi kama Ghana, zilichukua modeli inayofanana na modeli hii makusudi kukuza lugha moja moja za kitaifa huko kwenye vyombo vya elimu ya juu. Lakini hiyo ni mada nyingine yenyewe. Turudie huko Uchina kwanza.<\/strong>
\n[47:34] \u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u524d\u6587\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u6211\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u4e09\u4e2a\u897f\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u52a0\u7eb3\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u5728\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u81ea\u5df1\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002
\n [47:34] It’s a huge difference. I don’t want to call it the Chinese model, because now there are two or three West African countries, such as Ghana, have adopted similar teaching models in higher education institutions to develop national languages. But this is another topic, let us go back to China first.<\/em><\/p>\n

[48:03] Huko China, miaka ya sitini karne iliyopita watawala wa vyuo vikuu wa kichina waliamua kuongeza lugha ya Kiswahili katika mtaala mkuu wa kufundisha lugha za kigeni. Wakapanga mpango wa kukuza fani ya ufundishaji ili wanafunzi wapate maarifa ya kutosha ili waweze kuongea lugha hii vizuri baada ya kuhitimu mafunzo.<\/strong>
\n[48:03] \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9ad8\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5c06\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5916\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u5927\u7eb2\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e1a\u540e\u80fd\u591f\u6d41\u5229\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u95e8\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u8ba1\u5212\u3002
\n [48:03] In the 1960s, Chinese university administrators decided to add Swahili to the foreign language majors. They developed a plan to improve the model so that students can understand and use the language fluently after completing their studies.<\/em><\/p>\n

[48:27] Na wakaamua kuratibu vyuo vichache tu na kufanya BA ya lugha kigeni, BA ya Kifaransa, BA ya Kijerumani, na BA ya Kiswahili pia ni mojawapo. Na hivyo, wanafunzi nao baada ya kujiunga na chuo, watasomea lugha ya Kiswahili kuanzia siku ya kwanza hadi siku watakapomaliza masomo yao, yaani miaka minne mfululizo.<\/strong>
\n[48:27]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u6240\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u9ad8\u6821\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u5916\u8bed\u76f8\u5173\u4e13\u4e1a\u5e76\u8bbe\u7acb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6cd5\u8bed\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e13\u4e1a\u7b49\uff0c\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4ece\u8fdb\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\u5230\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e1a\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7684\u56db\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u90fd\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u3002
\n [48:27] These administrators decided to use in a few universities and set up bachelor’s degrees in foreign languages such as French, German, and other languages, including Swahili. Therefore, students will continue to learn Swahili for a total of four years from the first day of entering the university to the end of their studies.<\/em><\/p>\n

[48:55] Malengo hayo pia ni dhahiri sana, kwa sababu wanafunzi karibu wote akawa wanafanyia kazi vyombo vya habari huko China kama China Redio International au kitengo cha China Central Television, au kitengo maalum kwa mambo ya uhusiano wa mataifa au ya usalama au utawala.<\/strong>
\n[48:55] \u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e5f\u5f88\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5728\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u6216\u4e2d\u592e\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u5219\u4e3a\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002
\n [48:55] Their goals are also very clear, because almost all graduates work for Chinese media houses, such as China Radio International or China Central Television, and some students work for the foreign affairs, state security and administration departments.<\/em><\/p>\n

[49:20] Lakini idadi ya wanafunzi siyo kubwa sana. Kuna vyuo vikuu viwili tu vikawa vinaendelea ama vinaruhusiwa kuwaandikisha wanafunzi lakini wanaandikisha wanafunzi kila baada ya miaka minne tu.<\/strong>
\n[49:20] \u4f46\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ad8\u6821\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u53ea\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u6240\u9ad8\u6821\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u540e\u6765\u786e\u5b9e\u4e5f\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u2014\u2014\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6709\u8d44\u8d28\u2014\u2014\u53bb\u62db\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6bcf\u9694\u56db\u5e74\u62db\u4e00\u6b21\u3002
\n [49:20] But the number of students is not very large. Only these two colleges and universities are allowed to recruit students continuously, but only once every four years.<\/em><\/p>\n

[49:40] Na hapo labda nianze hiyo [akiwa anajaribu kubonyeza kiungo cha http:\/\/en.cuc.edu.cn\/<\/a>] ya Chuo Kikuu cha Mawasiliano ya Habari cha China. Na vyuo vikuu hivi viwili vyote viko Beijing, jijini Beijing.<\/strong>
\n[49:40] \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u5a92\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u59cb\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd[\u4e3b\u8bb2\u4eba\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6253\u5f00\u7f51\u7ad9\uff1a http:\/\/en.cuc.edu.cn\/<\/u><\/a>]\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\u4e00\u63d0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u90fd\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u3002
\n [49:40] let\u2019s start with a brief introduction from Communication University of China. [trying to click on the http:\/\/en.cuc.edu.cn\/<\/u><\/a>] These universities are located in Beijing.<\/em><\/p>\n

[49:52] Emm, mnaona hii pia? [kuna tatizo la Zoom la kusambaza maonyesho ya tovuti ya https:\/\/global.bfsu.edu.cn\/<\/a>] Labda haionekani kabisa. Sawa. Kuna shida kidogo ila ningetaka sana kuwaonyesha tovuti yao haswa kwa upande wa Chuo Kikuu cha lugha za Kigeni kwa sababu katika mtaala wao kuna lugha arobaini hamsini hivi za kufundisha na Kiswahili ni BA moja yao.<\/strong>
\n[49:52] \u55ef\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u770b\u5f97\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e86\u5417\uff1f[Zoom\u4e0a\u5206\u4eab\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u9875\uff1ahttps:\/\/global.bfsu.edu.cn\/ \u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u95ee\u9898]\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u5bb6\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u5c0f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u60f3\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u4e24\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u5927\u7eb2\u4e2d\u5927\u6982\u53ef\u4ee5\u6559\u6388\u56db\u4e94\u5341\u79cd\u5916\u8bed\u5e76\u6388\u4e88\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
\n [49:52] You may not see it. Okay, maybe there is a little problem now, but I actually want to show you their website, especially the website of Beijing Foreign Studies University, because in their curriculum there are about 40 to 50 foreign languages can be taught and bachelor degrees can be awarded. Degree, Swahili is one of them.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [50:36] Okay, nimeweka hiyo sifa ya modeli mbili za ufundishaji wa Kiswahili katika hiyo jedwali.<\/strong>
\n[50:36] \u73b0\u5728\u6211\u5728\u8868\u683c\u91cc\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002
\n [50:36] Okay, I have listed the two models of Swahili teaching in the table.<\/em><\/p>\n

[50:58] Labda, nijumuishe kidogo kwamba kwa ujumla wanafunzi wa modeli ya “African Studies” hawakupewa nafasi ya kutosha ili wapate ufahamu wa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili wanavyopendelea, hivyo bila shaka wanalazimishwa kwenda halafu Afrika Mashariki wenyewe ili kuboresha lugha yao.<\/strong>
\n[50:58] \u6211\u4e5f\u5148\u628a\u524d\u9762\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u90fd\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\uff08\u79ef\u6512\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09\u5b66\u4e60\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u524d\u5f80\u4e1c\u975e\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bed\u8a00\u4ea4\u6d41\u80fd\u529b\u3002
\n [50:58] Let me make a quick summary first. Generally, the “Africa Studies” model does not have provided enough time and opportunities for students to learn Swahili systematically to the extend that they could use the language well enough as they wanted. For this reason students later on should travel to East Africa themselves and practice their language skills.<\/em><\/p>\n

[51:24] Na kwa upande wa modeli ya Uchina ama modeli ya BA ya lugha ya Kiswahili, licha ya kuwa wanaongea Kiswahili na wanajua fasihi ya Kiswahili, ujumi, na historia, maendeleo, lakini kwa mambo mengi yaliyo muhimu sana kwa wakazi wa afrika Mashariki, wanafunzi hao wanakosa maelekezo. Na shida itakuwa kubwa hata zaidi ikifika kwenye eneo la ujuzi wa bara la Afrika kwa ujumla.<\/strong>
\n[51:24] \u5c31\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u6216\u6388\u4e88\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f1a\u8bf4\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e86\u89e3\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8f9e\u85fb\u5566\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5566\uff0c\u65af\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u60c5\u51b5\u5566\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e1c\u975e\u5c45\u6c11\u6765\u8bf4\u5f88\u591a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e0b\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u975e\u6d32\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u77e5\u8bc6\u532e\u4e4f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f1a\u663e\u5f97\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u3002
\n [51:24] As for the students trained in the Chinese model or in the model of granting a bachelor\u2019s degree in languages, although the students can speak Swahili and have an idea of the Swahili language and literature, like the rhetorical devices, history, and the\u00a0 development of Swahili, but they lacked in-depth knowledge of many aspects which are very much important to the people of East Africa. Undergraduates trained in this model will have more trouble when dealing with topics on Africa as a whole.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [52:04] Zamani, hakukuwa na mawasiliano mengi baina ya usomi wa Uchina na ule wa Afrika Mashariki lakini katika hii karne mpya kuna wasomi, walimu wa Kiswahili wachache waliojaribu kuimarisha huu uhusiano.<\/strong>
\n[52:04] \u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e1c\u975e\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u8001\u5e08\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7a33\u56fa\u5e76\u52a0\u6df1\u8fd9\u79cd[\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b66\u672f]\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002
\n [52:04] In the past, there was not much academic exchanges between Chinese and East African scholarships but in this new century there are a small number of Swahili scholars and teachers who have tried to strengthen the relationship.<\/em><\/p>\n

[52:25] Na nitaje mmoja, Bwana Zhao Lei, pia ni mwalimu mkuu wa idara ya Kiswahili huko Chuo Kikuu cha lugha za Kigeni Beijing. Hii ni makala yake aliyoiandika kwa Swahili Forum. Na nafikiri saa hii yeye anaandika historia ya ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili [nchini China]. Saa hii, nafikiri labda mwaka huu ama mwaka ujao itachapishwa pia.<\/strong>
\n[52:25] \u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u5c31\u53ea\u63d0\u4e00\u4f4d\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u8d75\u78ca\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u5927\u5b66\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002[PPT\u4e0a]\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8bba\u575b\u300b\uff08Swahili Forum\uff09\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0[\u9898\u76ee\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u65af\u8bed\u4e66\u7684\u7b80\u53f2\u201d]\u3002\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u76ee\u524d\u4ed6\u6b63\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u6211\u731c\u5927\u6982\u5728\u4eca\u5e74\u6216\u660e\u5e74\u521d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5427\uff0c\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u4f1a\u51fa\u7248\u3002
\n [52:25] And let me just mention one, Mr. Zhao Lei, who is also the head teacher of the Department of Swahili in Beijing Foreign Studies University. This [on PPT] is an article he wrote for Swahili Forum. And I think at this moment he is writing a history of Swahili language teaching [in China]. Maybe this year or next year it will be published too.<\/em><\/p>\n

[52:48] Sasa kwa ujumla naweza kusema kwamba mpaka saa hii historia ya kufundisha lugha ya Kiswahili [nchini China] imeshapita muda wa miaka sitini kamili.<\/strong>
\n[52:48] \u73b0\u5728\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d70\u8fc7\u4e86\u6574\u657460\u5e74\u3002
\n [52:48] Now generally I can say that until now the history of teaching Swahili language [in China] has passed for full sixty years.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [53:19] Kama nilivyosema hapo mwanzo, siku hizi mambo mengi ni matokeo ya mabadilishano na kufundishana. Na nchini China pia kuna vyuo vikuu vilivyoanzilisha ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili kama vile viwili nilivyovitaja katika ukurasa uliopita.<\/strong>
\n[53:19] \u6b63\u5982\u6211\u6700\u521d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4e0a\u4e00\u9875\u521a\u521a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e24\u6240\u9ad8\u6821\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u6240\u540c\u6837\u8fd0\u7528\u8be5\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u3002
\n [53:19] As I said at the beginning, these days a lot of things are the result of learning and cmmunication. In China, in addition to the two universities I just mentioned on the previous page, there are two other universities that use almost the same teaching model to teach Swahili.<\/em><\/p>\n

[53:44] Na vile vile kama Tianjin Foreign Studies University tangu mwaka wa 2007 na Shanghai International Studies University [tangu mwaka 2018] – Nafikiri Bwana Ma [Jun] yuko hapa leo na wanafunzi wake.<\/strong>
\n[53:44] \u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c2007\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5929\u6d25\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u5927\u5b66\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7cfb\uff0c[2018\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684]\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u5927\u5b66\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7cfb\u3002\u4eca\u5929[\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u56fd\u8bed\u5927\u5b66\u7684]\u9a6c\u9a8f\u8001\u5e08\u4e5f\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u573a\u3002
\n [53:44] For example, Tianjin Foreign Studies University since 2007 and Shanghai International Studies University [since 2018] – I think Mr. Ma [Jun] is here today with his students.<\/em><\/p>\n

[53:58] Na hata hivyo pia kuna vyuo vingi vinavyojaribu modeli inayofanana na “African Studies” ili wanafunzi wao wapate kionjo cha elimu ya Afrika. Sasa Peking University, na Zhejiang Normal University ninayowakilisha leo katika kazi hii, pia ni kimojawapo. Na vyuo vingine vichache.<\/strong>
\n[53:58] \u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6821\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fd0\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u201c\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u4f53\u9a8c\u975e\u6d32\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5982\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6211\u4eca\u5929\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u3002
\n [53:58] And yet there are also many universities that try a model similar to “African Studies” so that their students can get a taste of African education. Such as Peking University, and also Zhejiang Normal University, which I represent today, and a few others.<\/em><\/p>\n

[54:29] Nimeweka picha ya takwimu ya tovuti yangu ya kamusi ya Kiswahili-Kichina, toleo kwenye mtandao ili tujue kwamba wasomaji wa Kiswahili wengi walitokea sehemu gani Uchina. Hapo picha ya chini. Okay.<\/strong>
\n[54:29] \u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u5728\u7ebf\u7248\u65b0\u7f16\u65af\u6c49\u8bcd\u5178\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u56fe\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u6982\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u54ea\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u5c31\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u56fe\u3002
\n [54:29] Okay. This is a chart of user usage for my Swahili-Chinese Dictionary site, an online dictionary aimed at Swahili readers who speak Chinese. Here’s the chart below [in this page]. Okay.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [54:58] Na pia niweke picha ya moja ya taasisi ninayoiwakilisha hapa leo. Zhejiang Normal University.<\/strong>
\n[54:58] \u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4e5f\u60f3\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u6211\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u673a\u6784\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7684\u56fe\u7247\u3002
\n [54:58] In addition, here is a photo of the institution I represent today\u2014Zhejiang Normal University.<\/em><\/p>\n

[55:10] Sasa hapo juu ni ukurasa mkuu wa tovuti. Mnaona imeandikwa kwa lugha ya Kichina tu. Na hapo chini kuna ukurasa mwingine umeweka taarifa ya kuhusu yake kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Labda natangulia kusema kwamba hiyo tovuti ya Kiswahili siyo kazi yangu. Hata kabla ya kujiunga na chuo mimi, tovuti ya tafsiri ya Kiswahili tayari ipo. Kwa hiyo mnaona kuna utashi mkubwa wa kujifunza lugha ya Kiswahili huko China tayari.<\/strong>
\n[55:10] \u8fd9\u662f\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u4e3b\u9875\uff0c\u5404\u4f4d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u8be5\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u4e3b\u9875\u53ea\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5148\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7248\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u5199\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u8fd8\u662f\u63d0\u524d\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u5de5\u4f5c\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6211\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7248\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5404\u4f4d\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002
\n [55:10] This is the homepage of the website. You can see that the website is only written in Chinese, but when you see the page on the bottom, you will find another page in Swahili. I have to say this at first, this Swahili translation of the website was not my work.. In fact, the Swahili version of the website has existed before I started work for the university. So we can see that there is a strong desire in China to learn Swahili.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [55:54] Labda sasa tuendee sehemu ya mwisho wa wakilisho langu la leo: Changamoto. Nafikiri, tofauti baina ya modeli hizi mbili nimeshazifafanua, na changamoto zao zinafanana kiasi, kwa hiyo nimeziweka pamoja. Na hata kwa sentensi moja tu: uhai wa lugha ni matumizi yake.<\/strong>
\n[55:54] \u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6162\u6162\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u8a00\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u4e86\uff1a\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6211\u5728\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u6709\u4e9b\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u672c\u8eab\u201d
\n [55:54] Maybe now let\u2019s move on to the last part of my presenationt today: Challenge. I think, I have already explained the differences between these two models, and their challenges are somewhat similar, so I have put them together. And even with just one sentence: the life of a language is its use.<\/em><\/p>\n

[56:24] Na walimu wa Kiswahili Ulaya na Uchina vile vile tunapotaka wanafunzi wetu wa kigeni watumie lugha ya Kiswahili, tunataka wao watumie – waanze kutumia – wakati wanapojifunza lugha ya Kiswahili, na tena haraka iwezekanavyo.<\/strong>
\n[56:24] \u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u5e08\u4e5f\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6559\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5c3d\u65e9\u53bb\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u5feb\u5c06\u5176\u638c\u63e1\u3002
\n [56:24] To Swahili teachers in Europe, the situation is similar for Chinese teachers. When we teach our foreign students to use Swahili, we hope that they can use – or at least start to use – Swahili as soon as possible when they are learning, and use it as soon as possible.<\/em><\/p>\n

[56:39] Kwa hiyo saa hii kuna ukosefu mkubwa wa vitabu vinavyoandikwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kwa kueleza mambo ya Afrika Mashariki. Inawabidi wasome Kiingereza kwanza na hawajui kwamba vitabu vipi ni vya ubora zaidi.<\/strong>
\n[56:39] \u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e1c\u975e\u6982\u51b5\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6781\u5176\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u8feb\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u8fdb\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u8bfb\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e66\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002
\n [56:39] Now, the lack of books writing in Swahili is a big challenge, which forces students to choose English texts for the purpose of study. However, they do not really know which books are better.<\/em><\/p>\n

[56:58] Na kuna shida nyingine inayohusiana na shida hiyo ya vitabu ni kwamba walimu wa Kiswahili ama watawala kwa mambo ya ufundishaji wa Kiswahili katika vyuo vikuu nchini Uchina pia wanahitaji kuimarisha uhusiano wa ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili na ule wa lugha nyingine za Kiafrika kwa uwiano wa mataifa husika.<\/strong>
\n[56:58] \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e0e\u6587\u732e\u8d44\u6599\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u8282\u597d\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5404\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u60c5\u53bb\u8c03\u6574\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002
\n[56:58] In addition, there is another issue related to the literature. In Chinese universities Swahili teachers or administrators also need to stabilize the special relation between the teaching of Swahili language and the teaching of the other African languages according to the contries or areas in question.<\/em><\/p>\n

[57:26] Kwa hiyo mimi mwenyewe binafsi nafurahi sana kwamba Prof. Ngugi wa Thiong’o anashiriki katika mkutano huu labda siku nyingine pia nitamsalimia kwa lugha ya Kikikuyu “K\u0169hana at\u0129a?” na kumwambia kwamba “Mwenye kupigania lugha ya Kiswahili pia ni huyu anayepigania lugha ya Gikuyu kwa uwiano wa Kenya.” “\u0168r\u0129a \u0169rar\u0169\u0129r\u0129ra r\u0169thiomi rwa G\u0129thweri nowe \u0169rar\u0169\u0129r\u0129ra rwa G\u0129k\u0169y\u0169.\u201d<\/strong>
\n[57:26] \u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\u6069\u53e4\u5409\uff08Ngugi wa Thing’O\uff09\u6559\u6388\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u5c31\u7528\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u6253\u4e2a\u62db\u547c\uff0c\u201cK\u0169hana at\u0129a?\u201d\uff08\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e00\u5207\u987a\u5229\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff1a\u201c\u4e3a\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u800c\u594b\u6597\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e3a\u57fa\u5e93\u5c24\u8bed\u800c\u594b\u6597\uff08Mwenye kupigania lugha ya Kiswahili pia ni huyu anayepigania lugha ya Gikuyu kwa uwiano wa Kenya.\uff09\u201d\u3002\u201c\u0168r\u0129a \u0169rar\u0169\u0129r\u0129ra r\u0169thiomi rwa G\u0129thweri nowe \u0169rar\u0169\u0129r\u0129ra rwa G\u0129k\u0169y\u0169.\u201d\u3002
\n [57:26] So personally I am very happy that Prof. Ngugi wa Thiong\u2019o is taking part in this meeting. Maybe one day I will also greet him in the Gikuyu language \u201cK\u0169hana at\u0129a?\u201d (How it goes) and told him that “The one who fights for the Kiswahili language is also the one who fights for the Gikuyu language. [Speaking in Swahili]” \u201c\u0168r\u0129a \u0169rar\u0169\u0129r\u0129ra r\u0169thiomi rwa G\u0129thweri nowe \u0169rar\u0169\u0129r\u0129ra rwa G\u0129k\u0169y\u0169. [Speaking in Gikuyu]\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

[58:01] Changamoto ya pili, kwa sasa, hakuna tuzo ya waandishi bora wa lugha ya Kiswahili kwa Afrika Mashriki. Sasa kila mtu anajua kwamba mwaka huu Kenyatta Literature Prize imeahirishwa kwa sababu ya hii COVID. Lakini hata hivyo, kwa maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki kwa ujumla, hakuna tuzo.<\/strong>
\n[58:01] \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\uff1a\u76ee\u524d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e1c\u975e\u6574\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5956\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u4eca\u5e74\u7684\u80af\u96c5\u5854\u6587\u5b66\u5956\u7531\u4e8e\u65b0\u578b\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u75ab\u60c5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a[\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684]\u5956\u9879\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u4e1c\u975e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f9d\u65e7\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5956\u9879\u3002
\n [58:01] The second challenge is the lack of a literary prize for outstanding Swahili writers in the whole region of East Africa. It is now known that this year’s Kenyatta Literature Prize has been postponed due to the COVID-19. But even so, for East Africa as a whole, there are no prizes.<\/em><\/p>\n

[58:26] Kama hakuna tuzo iliyotolewa kila mwaka walimu wa Kiswahili katika nchi za kigeni pia tutapata kwamba ni vitabu gani ambavyo vingepata, vingestahili kupendekezwa kwa wanafunzi wetu.<\/strong>
\n[58:26] \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u5956\u9879\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8001\u5e08\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u63a8\u8350\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u3002
\n [58:26] If there is no annual literary award for excellent Swahili literature, as for foreign Swahili teachers we will also have trouble because we don’t know which outstanding Swahili literature should be recommended to our students.<\/em><\/p>\n

[58:44] Na changamoto ya tatu, labda ya mwisho, inagusa gusa ile mifanyiki ya mikataba ya kazi mpaka… kuanzia… mpaka siku hizi. Kwa saba[bu]… sisemi kwamba njia ya kusambaza lugha ya Kiswahili ilikuwa siyo sahihi. Lakini labda tungefikiria kwamba labda kuna njia nyingine pia kukuza lugha ya Kiswahili kwa muda mrefu kidogo.<\/strong>
\n[58:44] \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c11\u8bb8\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u76ee\u524d\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5408\u540c\u95ee\u9898[PPT\u56fe\u7247\uff1a\u5728\u4e1c\u975e\u4ee5\u5916\u5730\u533a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u6781\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u662f\u8001\u5e08\u672c\u4eba\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u6d77\u5916\u9662\u6821\u6240\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5408\u540c]\u3002\u4ece\u4ee5\u524d\u5f00\u59cb\u2026\u2026\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5408\u540c\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u60f3\u60f3\u5982\u4f55\u8ba9[\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u672c\u571f\u8001\u5e08\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6559\u5b66]\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5408\u4f5c\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u5730\u5f00\u5c55\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002
\n [58:44] The third and final challenge will probably touches the surface of the way how work contracts of the Swahili teachers have done previously [PPT: high percentage of the work contracts of Swahili teachers abroad are privately between the foreign university and individual teachers]. Until now… starting from… even up to day… I did not want to say that this was a wrong path to take. But we may think whether there is another way so we can make the teaching of Swahili language around the globe more durable and lasting.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

[59:13] Kwa sababu saa hii, saa hizi, kuna ukosefu wa ufadhili kutoka taasisi ya taifa wala ya Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki, sasa kama vyuo vikuu vinataka kuwaajiri walimu fulani fulani hata wao wanazuoni hawajui ni walimu gani tungewaajiri.<\/strong>
\n[59:13] \u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u522b\u6216\u4e1c\u975e\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u6216\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u5373\u4f7f\u60f3\u8058\u7528\u4e1c\u975e\u672c\u571f\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5e94\u8be5\u53bb\u8058\u7528\u8c01\u3002
\n [59:13] The state of art, due to the lack of funds and guidances of institutions from national level or from the East African Community level , so even some universities want to hire certain Swahili teachers, they often do not know whom to hire.<\/em><\/p>\n

[59:37] Na shida nyingine ni kwamba wakati mwingi hakuna mawasiliano ya kutosha. Na kujuliana [hali] ni sehemu gani chuo kikuu kinachojikita katika nacho ni vigumu sana. Kwamba kuna walimu wa Kiswahili wametumwa nchini Uchina lakini huko hakuna idara ya Kiswahili.<\/strong>
\n[59:37] \u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4ea4\u6d41\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e92\u76f8\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u4e92\u76f8\u4e86\u89e3\u5bf9\u65b9\u5b66\u9662\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u8f83\u4e3a\u9886\u5148\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6709\u4e9b\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8001\u5e08\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u88ab\u6d3e\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u539f\u6765\u90a3\u91cc\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u3002
\n [59:37] Another problem is the lack of adequate communication. It is very difficult to get a deep understanding in which areas the foreign universities excel. In the past, as some Swahili teachers from Africa were sent to China, they then found out not that there is no even a Swahili department in the university.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1:00:01] [I]kumbukwe kwamba mji wa China kuna wakazi wengi sana kwa mfano mji wangu wa kuzaliwa kuna wakazi milioni nane. Sasa hata huko kuna vyuo vikuu zaidi ya kumi na [vi]tano. Kwa hiyo kabla ya kutuma walimu wa Kiswahili, tafadhalini, fanyeni uchunguzi kwanza kuangalia kwamba vile vyuo vikuu vinafanya kazi gani.<\/strong>
\n[1:00:01] \u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6709800\u4e07\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u5341\u4e94\u6240\u9ad8\u6821\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u6d3e\u9063\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5e08\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u505a\u597d\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u67e5\u660e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6821\u5728\u505a\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u3002
\n [1:00:01] We should remember that the Chinese cities ofen have a very large population, for example my hometown has eight million inhabitants. Now there are even more than fifteen universities. So before sending Swahili teachers to China, I urge you, you should do some surveys to find out what research the target Chinese universities are doing.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [1:00:37] Na hiyo ndiyo mwisho wa wakilisho langu la leo. Kabla kuingia ukurasa wa mwisho, wa ule wa pendekezo, nitaje mifano miwili ya vitabu tunavyovihitaji kama walimu wa Kiswahili kwa ufundishaji wa Kiswahili katika nchi za kigeni.<\/strong>
\n[1:00:37] \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eca\u5929\u53d1\u8a00\u7684\u6700\u540e\u90e8\u5206\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u9875\u9762\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e3e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u6559\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002
\n [1:00:37] And that is the end of my presentation today. Before moving on the last page, the page of our recommandations, I will mention two books that all teachers in other countries truely need when teaching Swahili.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1:00:55] Kitabu kimoja kinahusu historia ya Abakuria na Sheria zao. Na kilikuwa cha zamani kidogo, na hata hiyo cover siyo cover yake ya asili. Na ya pili ni hicho kitabu cha uongozi wa Julius Kambarage Nyerere.<\/strong>
\n[1:00:55] \u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5e93\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\uff08Abakuria\uff09\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6709\u4e9b\u5e74\u5934\u4e86\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5927\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c01\u9762\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u5c01\u9762\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u662f\u6731\u529b\u53f6\u65af\u00b7\u574e\u5df4\u62c9\u5409\u00b7\u5c3c\u96f7\u5c14\uff08Julius Kambarage Nyerere\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002
\n [1:00:55] One book is about the history of the Kuria people and their law. And it was a little old one, and even this cover [in PPT] is not its original cover. And the second is the book about leadership of Julius Kambarage Nyerere.<\/em>
\n\"\"<\/a>
\n [10:01:18] Mapendekezo. Sita… kwa sababu ya muda… sitasema mengi sana kuhusu mapendekezo yetu, juhudi zetu za kueneza ufundishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili. Na nisome tu:<\/strong>
\n[10:01:18] \u201c\u5efa\u8bae\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u2026\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2026\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u8bf4\u592a\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4f20\u64ad\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u4e0d\u8bf4\u592a\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u8981\u4e0d\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u7b80\u5355\u8bfb\u4e00\u4e0b[\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9875\u9762]\u5427
\n [10:01:18] Our recommandations. I will not… because of the time, I will not discuss this part too much about our recommandations and how we could enlarge the section of teaching of Swahili language [around the world]. Let me just read this page.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1:01:40] Ya kwanza, kuhamasisha uandishi wa vitabu vinavyoeleza mambo ya Afrika Mashariki kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na uchapishaji wake. Ya pili, kuwashauri wachapishaji kwa kupitia sera maalum ili nao watoe nakala pacha kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ikiwa kama vitabu hivi havikuandikwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Ya tatu, kuunda taasisi ama tume maalum kwa kutathmini uwezo wa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili, mfano ni kama TOEFL kwa lugha ya Kiingereza.<\/strong>
\n[1:01:40] \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6fc0\u52b1\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u4e66\u5199\u5173\u4e8e\u4e1c\u975e\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u7684\u4e66\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u7a3f\u6b63\u5f0f\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u51fa\u53f0\u76f8\u5173\u653f\u7b56\u53bb\u5f71\u54cd\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u4eec\u5728\u5373\u4f7f\u539f\u4e66\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u7248\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u7684\u518d\u7248\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u673a\u6784\u6216\u8005\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u8bed\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6548\u4eff\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u6258\u798f\u8003\u8bd5\u3002
\n [1:01:40] First, encourage the writers create more writings about different aspects of East Africa and support these writings into printed books. Second, through specialised policies to influence publishers to provide Swahili version of any book they perceived as useful but written in a language which is not Swahili. Third, set up a special institution or committee to assess speakers’ Swahili skills. We can set a similar goal as the TOEFL test for English language.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1:02:13] Sawa, ahsanteni sana.<\/strong>
\n[1:02:13] \u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u5c31\u5230\u6b64\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\uff01
\n [1:02:13] Okay, thank you very much.<\/em><\/p>\n

[1:02:16] Ahsante, ahsanteni sana nashukuru.<\/strong>
\n[1:02:16] \u8c22\u8c22\u5404\u4f4d\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\u5404\u4f4d\u3002
\n [1:02:16] Thank you, thank you very much thank you.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Kwa hisani ya Chuo Kikuu cha Ualimu cha Zhejiang)<\/strong>\uff08\u9e23\u8c22\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff09(Many thanks to Zhejiang Normal University)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

MADA\/MATINI: “Ufundishaji wa Kiswahili Ulaya na Uchina: Modeli mbili na Changamoto zao” \u6f14\u8bb2\u9898\u76ee\uff1a\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65af\u74e6\u5e0c\u91cc\u8bed\u6559\u5b66\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u6311\u6218\uff08\u8bb2\u7a3f\uff09 TOPIC: \u201cTeaching Swahili Language in Europe And China: Two Models and Their Challenges\u201d MWAKILISHAJI: Yuning Shen (Chuo Kikuu cha Ualimu cha Zhejiang) \u6f14\u8bb2\u4eba\uff1a\u6c88\u7389\u5b81\uff08\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u975e\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7279\u9080\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff09 Speaker: Yuning Shen (Zhejiang Normal University) WEBINA: “Kiswahili Ulimwenguni” (kwa ajili ya kuadhimisha miaka 50 tangu kuasisiwa kwa Chuo … →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2271"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2271\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/yellingstone.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}